![]() Cape cart: A two-wheeled four-seater carriage drawn by two horses and formerly used in South Africa.Calash or Calèshe: see barouche: A four-wheeled, shallow vehicle with two double seats inside, arranged vis-à-vis, so that the sitters on the front seat faced those on the back seat.Joseph Hansom based the design of his public hire vehicle on the cabriolet so the name cab stuck to vehicles for public hire. Buggy: a light, open, four-wheeled carriage, often driven by its owner.Buckboard: A very simple four-wheeled wagon, circa early 19th century. ![]() Brougham: A specific, light four-wheeled carriage, circa mid 19th century.Britzka: A long, spacious carriage of four wheels, pulled by two horses.A large, four-wheeled carriage frame, circa late 19th and early 20th century. Brake: Describes several types of vehicles.By 1920, only 90 such companies remained. In 1890 there were 13,800 companies in the United States in the business of building carriages pulled by horses. A four-wheeled vehicle is also steered by the shafts or pole, which are attached to the front axle this swivels on a turntable or "fifth wheel" beneath the vehicle.įrom the 15th century drivers of carts were known as carmen, and in London were represented by the Worshipful Company of Carmen. Four-wheeled vehicles remain level on their own, and so the shafts or pole are hinged vertically, allowing them to rise and fall with the movement of the animals. Two-wheeled vehicles are balanced by the distribution of weight of the load (driver, passengers, and goods) over the axle, and then held level by the animal – this means that the shafts (or sometimes a pole for two animals) must be fixed rigidly to the vehicle's body. Horse-drawn carriages have been in use for at least 3,500 years. Sometimes at a steep hill with frequent traffic, such a team would be hired to passing wagons to help them up or down the hill. Very heavy loads sometimes had an additional team behind to slow the vehicle down steep hills. Other arrangements are also possible, for example, three or more abreast (a troika), a wheel pair with a single lead animal (a "unicorn"), or a wheel pair with three lead animals abreast (a "pickaxe"). Vehicles which are pulled by a pair (or by a team of several pairs) have a pole which attaches between the wheel pair. Two animals in single file are referred to as a tandem arrangement, and three as a randem. Vehicles pulled by one animal (or by animals in a single file) have two shafts which attach either side of the rearmost animal (the wheel animal or wheeler). Heavy wagons, carts and agricultural implements can also be pulled by other large draught animals such as oxen, water buffalo, yaks or even camels and elephants. Other smaller animals are occasionally used, such as large dogs, llamas and goats (see draught animals). Very light carts and wagons can also be pulled by donkeys (much smaller than horses), ponies or mules. Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is most commonly called a wagon. Historically a wide variety of arrangements of horses and vehicles have been used, from chariot racing, which involved a small vehicle and four horses abreast, to horsecars or trollies, which used two horses to pull a car that was used in cities before electric trams were developed.Ī two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is a cart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Terracotta structure of a horse-drawn vehicle at a historic temple in West Bengal, India.
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